Leading & Managing People †Expatriate Essay

Multinational firms throughout the world are increasingly concerned about hiring, developing and retaining managers with international experience and global perspectives† quoted by Briscoe and Schuler in 2004. This report will be focusing on variety of issues relating to Human Resource implications which faced by the expatriate working in MNC located in Malaysia as well as Malaysian working in overseas. The extraction will be from the most recent newspaper, journal and articles relating to the following topics in human resource management. 1) Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy 2) Training and development for cross-cultural 3) Performance appraisal for expatriate The expatriation was subjugated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. 3. 0 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Expatriate facade many new challenges both in the workplace and the community. For instance, culture shock differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesick, housing, schooling, language, customs, cost of living and coping with his/her spouse’s problems of adapting to new environment. According to Stone(2008), research indicates that a manager’s inability to adapt or their partner’s inability to adapt is the major cause of expatriate failure. Harvey(1983) cited the consequence include premature return from a foreign posting and high resignation rates, with expatriates leaving their company at about twice the rate of domestic managements. Tung (1987) expounded the three main reasons contributing to the failure of expatriates in US MNC is as follows:- * the inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment; * the manager’s inability to adapt to a different physical or cultural environment; * other family-related problems. One study by International Orientation Resources, an HRM consulting firm, found that 60 percent of expatriate failures occur due to these three reasons too(Solomon,1994). Besides the above mentioned reasons, include inappropriate selection practices, inadequate preparation and training as well as the stresses associated with expatriation which identified by New Zealand research (Enderwick and Hodgson, 1993). Another critical reason is the cross-cultural communications can be a struggle for the international manager. Gestures, facial expressions, behaviour and words can have different meanings and connotations. China, Korea and Japanese have high-context cultures where considerable importance is given to non-verbal and situational cues. In contrast, Australia, Canada, the US and Britain have low-context cultures where what is said is what it meant(Stone,2008). In contrast, some Malaysians who work aboard feel that the grass is greener on the other side. In Appendix A, this article highlighted the reasons why some Malaysian prefer to remain overseas. Due to higher paid, to widen their horizons, the prestige of working in a foreign company and the quality of life is unbeatable. The expatriate is unable to adapt in the foreign environment due to lack of cultural skills. According to HRM consulting firm, this is because the expatriate selection process at many organisations is essentially flawed (Solomon, 2000). Expatriates failed because these three focal reasons which mentioned by Tung that have not been part of the selection process. The underlying message was that the family is the basic unit of expatriation, not the individual. The MNC needs to look into this matter seriously in order to reduce expatriate failure. 3. 2 Training and development for cross-cultural Many companies including MNC have been ignored on providing training for employees whether local or global organisations. MNC recruits expatriate based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria and assumed the expatriate is able to adapt in the country where he was posted. MNC should not take them for granted. They should be pre-prepared by providing orientation, training on the cultural, language and living skill in the host country. Shown in Appendix D, expatriate reports interviewed an expatriate working in Nanchang, China on how significant was the culture shock he experienced when he moved abroad? He replied that quite significant and hard to adapt to the Chinese food and people spitting on the streets. Certainly, at the initial stage every expatriate will face cultural shock difference which may lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Then directly he will be unproductive, inefficiency and faces expatriate failure. The MNC has to recruit a new manager to replace him which will be time consuming and have to repeat the process of selection and hiring. The MNC requires the expatriate to train the local employees in the host-country by transferring his knowledge and skills to them so that they are able to be independent and step into the positions/responsibilities within the shortest possible time. The article in Appendix B highlighted Malaysia government will review the education system to produce talent needed for an advanced nation and also perks to lure home highly skilled Malaysians (brain drain) and retain global talent to develop a quality workforce. Even our government recognise the essential of education/training to develop our highly skilled employees that are not only vital to the companies but also making the nation into globally competitive and transforming it as the high-income economy for instance Singapore, HK and Shanghai. 3. Performance appraisal for expatriate Stone (2008) cited that performance appraisal is a matter of serious concern for many expatriates. This is because performance appraisal is often handled badly. Companies fail to take into account the added complexities that come with international appraisals. Key issues involving performance expectations, performance measures and who will be responsible for the conduct of the appraisals are left vague or undecided. Worse, some head office managers ignore the international appraisal and do not incorporate it into the career development process. The end result is that expatriates perceive the appraisal process as unfair and as a source of never-ending frustration. Groeschi (2003) quotes that a number of comparative international and cross-cultural management research projects have concluded that HRM is influenced by culture. He also highlighted the same HRM policy is likely to be attributed quite different meanings by different cultural groups for instance performance appraisal. An organisation’s performance appraisal systems are an important element of its control systems, which is a central component of organisation architecture (see Figure 1 as below). In many international companies, the thorny issue is how best to evaluate the performance of expatriate managers (Hill, 2009). During the appraisal evaluation for the expatriate, there are two groups who evaluate the performance of expatriate managers. They are host-nation manager and home-office managers whom are subject to bias. The host-nation managers may be biased by their own cultural frame of reference and expectations. On the other hand, home-country mangers’ appraisals may be biased by distance and by their own lack of experience working abroad. Home-office managers often not aware of what is going on in a foreign operation and they tend to rely on hard data in evaluating an expatriate’s performance, such as the productivity, revenues, profitability or market share which reflect factors outside the expatriate’s control. Due to such biases, many expatriate managers believe that headquarters management evaluates them unfairly and does not fully appreciate the value of their skills and experience. It also one of the reasons many of them believe a foreign posting does not benefit their careers (Hill, 2009). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION 4. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Managing a MNC provides a diversity of challenges which the crucial one will be how the parent-company will recruit potential expatriate to manage their off-shore operations affiliates/subsidiaries. Selection of the expatriate must be right at the first time although time and resources consuming in reviewing and evaluating all the potential candidates follow by filtering them. The expatriate should not be selected based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria. Expatriate failure in many cases is the result of a lack of personal adjustment rather than a lack of technical skills. Harvey (1997) cited furthermore, research shows that in many companies expatriate selection is often haphazard and irrational. Organisations need to understand that in choosing expatriates, they should take into account differences in the business, social and cultural environment in the specific country and the impact on the potential expatriate, spouse and dependants (Stone, 2008). Stone’s (1991) study found that both local managers and expatriate managers perceive the essential selection criteria as the expatriate’s ability to adapt and the adaptability of the partner and family. 4. Training and management development for cross-cultural According to Hill (2009), superior performance requires not only strategy must also be supported by the right organisation architecture. Strategy is implemented through organisation. In Figure 1, people are the linchpin of a firm’s organisation architecture. For a firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings. Those people must be trained appropriately so they have the skill sets required to perform their jobs effectively and so they behave in a manner that is congruent with the desired culture of the firm. The following trainings are recommended for MNCs’ expatriates:- * Cross-Culture Training prior to departure The purpose of this training allows individuals to more rapidly adjust to the new culture before departing to host-country, and therefore, to be more effective in their new roles (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). It has been widely recognised for more than 20 years that the partners and children of expatriates play an important role in contributing to the success of expatriate assignments (Fukuda and Chu, 1994; Rahim, 1983) Cultural, Language and Practical(Living Skill) trainings * These trainings are helping to control and reduce expatriate failures. There is no question that comprehensive cultural training can have many benefits for MNCs. For starters, it can help orient and develop expatriates to better communicate, understand, and work effectively with people from different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Comprehending and valuing cultural differences can al so help expatriates in the effective management of multi-cultural teams. Understanding global markets, customers, suppliers, and competitors is another indirect benefit. Pragmatically, cultural training can have a positive impact on combating very expensive expatriate failure (Luthans, 2002). Their spouse adaption problem, it is important that the spouse and the whole family to be included in this training * Language training usually conducted in host-country’s language. When the expatriate willing to communicate in the host-country language(even not fluent), can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. * Benefit of practical training in helping the expatriate manager and family ease themselves into daily life in the host country. The expatriate community group can be a great source of support and information sharing in helping the expatriate’s family adapt to a foreign culture. 4. 3 Performance appraisal for expatriate To overcome the expatriate’s frustration and problems, the HR manager needs to ensure that the following key issues are clarified before the expatriate begins an overseas assignment:- * What are the organisation’s performance expectations? * What criteria and standards will be used to measure performance? * Who will conduct the evaluation – a local manager, a head office manager or both? * What will be the frequency of the appraisals? What consideration will be given to local environmental influence? (for example, volatility of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, availability of skilled labour, political instability, corruption and so on) * Is the appraisal positively incorporated into the career development process? * Are head office managers cognisant of the local business environment? * Are there any cultural influences that may distort the measurement of the expatriate’s performance? In order to overcome the biases of the two groups who evaluate the expatriate managers’ performance, it is recommended to implement 360-degree feedback.

Human Nature Essay

Over time, there have been numerous portrayals of the war between good and evil that has forever existed in society. However, very few have come forth that have shed light upon the tussle between the tendency to indulge in either one of good and evil that exists inside the human mind and continues to do so throughout the course of one’s life. It is essential to understand that works such as these are not mere contribution to literature but are in fact in depth insights into the human mind and present a picture of the nature of the perceptions that exist within it. This is so because of the fact that no matter how much man chooses to evolve in his society and surrounds himself with monuments to sophistication, there will always be the desire to break free of moral boundaries and to indulge one’s self in the free and uncontrolled activities of evil. This paper shall consider Robert Louis Stevenson’s The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as a depiction of the fight between good and evil that ensues within the darkest of depths in the human mind, then one can see how there is a continuous battle that perseveres within these depths and that there are instances when the suggestion to be evil becomes so strong that there is no longer any degree of possible control that can be attained on the rampage that evil engages in (Colvin, Adcock and Stevenson). The novella was first published in 1886 and has served as one of the most clear and concise insights into the intricate workings of the human mind. If one was to consider the character of Dr, Jekyll, it is evident that Robert Louis Stevenson has chosen to portray that all people are not inherently either completely good or completely evil by nature, rather they hold a frame of mind that comprises partially of a tendency to good, and partially of a tendency to indulge in evil. However, if one was to refer to the bigger picture that is visible in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; it is evident that Robert Louis Stevenson has chosen to use his characters to reflect upon particular dimensions of human nature. For instance, one can see that in contrast to the elusive Dr. Jekyll there exists firstly, Mr. Hyde who is a severe contrast to the principles and morality that Dr. Jekyll stands for. Further on, Mr. Enfield appears to be the continuously probing element of curiosity that is ever present and active in the human mind. Lanyon appears to be a vessel that holds logic and a desire for life to be composed of a series of events that are in no way out of the ordinary or do not comply with the rudiments of logic. Also, the degree of loathing that develops amongst the common man towards this dark side of the human mind once it becomes exposed comes out to be nothing more than prevalence and broadening of the element of hatred and evil. An example of this fact can be seen in the very first few pages of The Strange Case of The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde when Mr. Enfield states in a reply to the lawyer’s question about the appearance of the suspected criminal: â€Å"I never saw a man I so disliked†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I can’t describe him. And it’s not want of memory; for I declare I can see him this moment† (Stevenson 5). From this line, we can surmise that Mr. Enfield develops a loathing towards the creature that lurks in the darkness of the night and indulges in actions out of the pure loathing to all that is good, pure and honest. By giving personalities such as those mentioned above to each individual character and taking the traits that form these personalities to their natural extremes, Robert Louis Stevenson has taken a stance that shows how each individual holds his/her own set of good and evil traits, both of which come together to form the mind of the ordinary every day person. An aspect that should be highlighted at this point is that Dr. Jekyll is perhaps in no way different from the rest of the characters in the plot, and the only distinction that exists between Dr. Jekyll and the rest of the characters is that Dr. Jekyll crosses a threshold of sorts and enters a state of mind where his evil bent of thinking dominates over him. We can therefore surmise that Dr. Jekyll is not an individual person who manages to experiment with his own perceptions and allows his evil side to roam free, but is in fact an example of the form that any normal every day character from the plot would have taken, had it been allowed to roam free and unattended. However, if one was to raise a question concerning the value of friendship or the loyalty towards it that exists with regard to the revelation of different sides of the human mind, then one can see from Robert Louis Stevenson’s The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that there is hardly any element of loyalty or commitment to friendship that remains when a part of the concerned party enters into the absolution of evil. It is perhaps because of the very same illustration of the forces of good and evil that exists within each individual that The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has been subjected to not only numerous forms of adaption over time, but has also been the center of numerous interpretations for the same reason. According to an interpretation by The Guardian, Robert Louis Stevenson’s The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be seen in more perspectives in modern times than it could have been possibly seen in the earlier days (Campbell). This is because of the reason that the tendency to submit to the desires of evil or the desire to adhere to the principals and morals that define all that is good can be replaced by numerous other tendencies that lurk within the depths of the human mind and it is for the same reason that Robert Louis Stevenson’s The strange case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde holds more relevance now than it did at any other point in time. Works Cited Campbell, James. The beast within. 13 December 2008. 21 May 2009 . Colvin, Sidney, Arthur St. John Adcock and Robert Louis Stevenson. Robert Louis Stevenson: his work and his personality. Hodder and Stoughton, 1924. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Courier Dover Publications, 1991.

A Six Sigma Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Six Sigma Exercise - Essay Example The method of reaching the rating of one out of six which is considered as the lowest ranking is based on the DPMO calculation. The percentage of defects was 99.995%. Significantly high level of defects or very low level of success percentage is clearly an indication of the low quality control by ACME for its Jamaica based customer support programme. In other words, the defects per million opportunities and the percentage of defects can help the company to identify more precisely and accurately, its quality control or six sigma rating. High level of defects per million opportunities or high percentage of defects indicates that the six sigma rating is very low. The Mexico City is the capital of Mexico. Mexico City is considered as the federal independent entity within the Mexico, which is not part of any one of 31 Mexican States. It belongs to the Federation as a whole. Mexico City is believed to be the financial hub of Mexico. The Country’s largest city is Mexico City. It is also considered to be the most important political, cultural and educational center for the country along with the financial centers. Study on the culture of Mexico revealed that Mexican make several subdivisions within the nation. Mexican City is housed with small indigenous population. The culture of Mexico or Mexican City is regarded as the frontier culture. The political structure of Mexico is based on the seat of the power of the union. It did not belong to any particular state but to all. The City’s foreign district reports the production of more than 20% of GDP. It is considered as one of the most important economic, as well as, financial hub in Latin America. Study of the local market indicates that more than 50% of the population is Mestizo, which means the indigenous along with the Europeans. There are 68 different languages, which are considered as national languages in addition to Spanish.

Classifying Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classifying Structure - Essay Example Professional bureaucratic structure is used by those organizations that depend on highly skilled professional in order to deliver goods and services at the core of the organization. Some examples are hospital, museums, engineering design firms, social services agencies and public accounts firms, universities and libraries (Reilly, Minnick & Baack, 2011). Organizations having divisional structure have set of autonomous units, each typically machine bureaucracy unto itself which is coordinated by a central headquarters. Some examples with divisional structure are General Motor, Microsoft, 3M Company, AT&T, General Electric Company, International Business Machine (IBM), Coca-Cola Company, United Technologies Corporation, and the Walt Disney Company (Reilly, Minnick & Baack, 2011). Adhocracy is suited for those organizations which are having low formalization and standardization and are organic and dynamic in nature. Within these organizations the decision making tends towards decentralization. Companies having adhocracy form of structure are flexible and adaptable. Example of adhocracy is the project for the construction of commercial building (Reilly, Minnick & Baack,

Marketing Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Communications - Assignment Example There are several marketing tools that are used by the companies for the purpose of promotional activities. Campaign is one of the techniques that are often used by the companies to promote a brand or product. The following report is based on the Vodafone and its operations in the UK market. It is seen that the present situation of Vodafone in the market is not too good as from a market position of third place in the market it will be falling back to the last place. This has happened due to the decision of BT to take over EE and decision of Hutchison whampoa the owner of three to take over O2. This will be causing a major change in the mobile landscape of the country and the company needs to change the marketing strategy that the company uses. The company must make use of integrated marketing communication and a new campaign should be launched in order to increase the market share of the company. The present scenario and the application of the integrated marketing communication are studied based on the application of SOSTAC model. SOSTAC model is an important tool which is utilized for planning campaigns. Marketing strategies are designed on basis of this model in order to evaluate current situation properly and formulate plans for future growth. Different planning activities can be easily structured through SOSTAC model. SOSTAC planning model was developed during 1990 to facilitate easier accomplishment of tasks by marketing practitioners. This model encompasses certain factors such as situation, objectives, strategy, tactics, actions and control. Situation indicates the current marketing scenario. Objectives reflect upon key tasks to be accomplished through marketing strategies. Strategy relates to the path which needs to be followed in order to achieve set goals or objectives. Tactics outlines the method that can help in reaching set targets. Action is the plan framed by

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English - Research Paper Example In fact, employee performance remains tied directly to how an organization performs in the market. The purpose of the report was to understand the causes making Google Company not realize its optimal profits. A research was conducted, and the primary methods of collecting data were used. Few assumptions were made to make the research possible such as the companies under investigation had already realized their optimal profits. From the findings, a comprehensive report was made whereby conclusions and recommendations were derived. This research paper therefore discusses optimal profitability issue as it relates to the Google Company. It also addresses the company’s efficiency, productivity, and performance. The following report is based on the research conducted by the Google Company in search of methods that would lead the company to optimizing its profits.  Profit optimization remains an important aspect in most organizations. Therefore, the report seeks to establish causes, which make the company, fail to realize its optimal profits The only assumption that was made during the research was that all the included companies were already optimizing their profits apart from the Google Company. In fact, this was the reason why Google Company collected data from these companies. Collecting data from other companies with optimal profits allows Google Company to establish its own optimal profits platform during its business operations. The entire report covered practices that could lead the company to realize its optimal profits as well as the practices deemed to deny the company its optimal results. The study did not cover Google Company rivals and competing companies’ aftermaths of realizing their optimal results since the research was only focused on the Google as the main company. In doing this research, theoretical sampling tends to remain the hallmark of grounded theoretical methodology. However, qualitative methodology remains

Discuss depression in relation to its impact on the individual Essay - 1

Discuss depression in relation to its impact on the individual physical and psychological well being - Essay Example One of the major problems confronted during the analysis of literature related to the abovementioned topic is ambiguity between causes and effects of depression. Even after so much progress and advancement of technological systems, experts and psychologists (Kirschmann, 2006) are unable to differentiate between causes and effects of depressive illness, and thus, it becomes very difficult to identify the impact of depression in a separate window. Still, this paper will endeavor to discuss effects mainly. Although depression affects physical health of patients; however, its impact is significant psychologically, and experts believe that alleviation of psychological effects allow individuals to cope with physical impacts of depression. Low self-esteem is one of the most common effects of depression that results in deterioration of thinking patterns, decision-making process, and personality development factors in the individuals psychologically (MacHale, 2002). In addition, low self-esteem does not allow affected individuals to inspire from anything that affect their physical health subsequently. Another psychological impact of depression is frequent and irregular mood swings that are always visible physically, and thus, do not allow individuals to eat properly, work appropriately, or perform any other task in their lives that results in the creation of lethargic attitude towards life that is an adverse effect of depression in depressed patients. Due to inappropriate eating patterns, depressed individuals usually confront eating disorders that cause low weight problems, and at the same time, many depressed patients confront obesity and over weight problems due to their indolent routine. A number of theorists and psychologists (MacHale, 2002) have indicated that patients confronting depression usually consider themselves responsible for adverse events of their lives, as well as negativity in lives of people around them that increases low self-esteem, and

The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson - Essay Example In addition we also understand that the only way to bring change in this regard is to start the change at an individual level. Stephanie Ericsson thesis is that lies have become part and parcel of our lives. We have developed many means of telling lies and deceiving others and in some cases ourselves. Writer is of the opinion that now we have formatted our live styles in a manner that to tell lie or indulge in it unconsciously is more of a rule than an exception. Therefore, we have started to lay down our own limits and justify our lies in one way or the other. In the process we are continuously confronted with our inner self. In hearts of heart we are fully aware of the "lie" we are indulging in but we tend to justify it in one way or the other. Writer is of the opinion that this attitude of ours, as a society, had brought us to a point that we have become insensitive to the lies we are confronting in our daily lives. In the words of the writer "Our acceptance of lies becomes a cultural cancer that eventually shrouds and reorders reality until moral garbage becomes as invisible to us as water is to a fish" . The author supported the thesis by indicating the complexities of the "lies" in our lives, which we have created ourselves. In the essay author has mentioned and explained different types of lies like white lies, facades, ignoring the plain facts, deflecting, omission, stereotypes and clichs, group think, out and out lies, dismissal and delusion. There are certain interesting points which appear when one goes through the explanations of these lies in the essay, which are:- 1. The lies have made such a place in our personal lives that we do adopt them and don't realize that we are indulging in the activity of lying per se. 2. There are lies which we ourselves indulge into at individual level(now almost unconsciously) like facades, ignoring plain facts, deflecting and omission where as in some cases we are subjected to lies regularly by others like in the case of stereotypes and clichs, group think, dismissal and delusion. 3. In today's society when we are so adapted to lies that we shift our position and form the part of any of the categorized lies without remorse. 4. We have to lay down our lines to correct our course towards lies. And for this we have to start with ourselves. Writer has most suitably quoted the country song's line in this regard that "You've got to stand for something or you'll fall for anything." In my opinion, I agree (Personal Experience) Given example: I agree with the writer about the indulgence of lying in our lives and the issue of start addressing it at an individual level. We all are suffering from this and will continue to suffer if we don't take charge of "our individual lives". Our main problem is that we are waiting for others to change so that we can follow them comfortably. Ironically, others are doing the same. We all say and understand that our lives are full of lies and really dislike it too, but eventually keep on practicing the same way of life. In fact over a period of time our society has turned out to be a bunch of Hypocrites who dislike hypocrisy and lies!!!! In my childhood, I was taught in school that how bad it is to say a lie: the same thing was being hammered in me by my parents and relatives. On the other hand, I can not even count the number of time I

A Walk in the Park Essay Example for Free

A Walk in the Park Essay I was strolling along in the park when I spotted through my square shaped glasses the clear pale blue painted sky. There wasnt a single thing in the crystal clear sky. The day was bright and jolly. At the top end of my view I could see a bulky, dismal, dreary bridge. Just below the distasteful bridge there was freshly cut raw green grass wiped across the edge of the playgrounds bright red puerile fencing. The playground itself was rather juvenile for my taste. Precisely in front of the shocking, repulsive rouge railings to the right of my view there stood a toy like, multicoloured set of swings. The swings were designed for little children and they were so solid and stable. Beneath the sturdy, firm swings was a rough textured but prudent vivid rubber ground. The rubber was there to protect and secure children from injuring themselves if they fell off or over something. At the exterior end of my view I could see two rather nai ve gullible looking children. One of the innocent children was about to slide down an enduring metal luminous yellow pole. While the other rather emaciated child was climbing up the variegated invariable steady climbing frame. The child on the stable weirdly coloured pole was quite plump and chubby. She was wearing a disgusting dark green and light green striped top with obnoxious disfiguring black leggings. Her dark bushy hair was swept back in an invisible head band. The girl wasnt pretty but her plumpness made her look quite sweet and young with her light features blending in with her glowing skin colour. I couldnt see the other child very well he was camouflaged behind parts of the paling and could be barely seen. All I could tell was that the child looked like a scrawny little boy half the size of the girl. I could tell that the boy was just following the girl like a sheep being lead by a sheepdog. My view of the boy was also darkened by this mysterious dark shadow looming across the gullible children and there well built toy, the climbing frame. The obscure shadow seemed to be made by the high lanky trees behind me which I couldnt see in my intriguing view. I noticed that behind that behind the clear red barrier on the clement pale green grass stretched across the plain dull ground behind the childrens exciting yet childish playground there was black lumps sticking out the wall papery ground. As I closely examined I saw vast murky black chunks sticking out of the well kept grassy ground they seemed to be mammoth sized tyres. The unusual tyres had been positioned into the ground in a sort of track shape. The track looked gave the impression of being somewhat misshapen and to some extent it appeared tricky and complex with all the lumps and bumps. Beyond the twisted crooked track was a line of high lofty massive green fluffy clouds at first glance they looked as if they were clouds but when I looked closely I could see that they were actually gigantic trees in the distance. The view was memorable and I dont know why it is still stuck as a photo in my head but I will always remember it like it was just yesterday.

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Example for Free

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Abstract Murder investigations are started when there is a suspicious death, there is precise steps that should be followed during a murder investigation. So that the case can be brought to court and prosecuted evidence is collected, suspects and witnesses are interviewed. The law enforcement personnel that participate in a murder investigation are individually trained to handle and process evidence; this includes protection of the crime scene and testifies in court. Definitions of homicides and manslaughter The two offenses that is classified, as homicide is murder and manslaughter; manslaughter is perpetrated in one of three ways; killing another individual with intent, but where compliance such as loss of control, decreased responsibility, or committing suicide by way of a concordat. Committing a crime where an individual is killed by gross negligence, gross given the risk of death and behavior in the form of an illegal act involving a danger that resulted in the death of another human. Murder or homicide is the illegal killing with malice and forethought of another human; this is usually considered a premeditated state of mind and separate murder from manslaughter, because the individual planned the murder with intention, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H. 2010). Crime Scene Assessment With the arrival of the first law enforcement officer at a crime scene, there are strict procedurals guidelines. The first officer to arrive at a crime scene tries to detain anyone that could be a witness/suspect. It is the responsibility of this officer to secure the crime scene to keep the crime scene from becoming contaminated and the loss of evidence. With the arrival of the investigator that will take charge of the crime scene, the officer will detail all information acquired from possible witness or suspects. The investigator will document the crime scene with pictures, sketches, notes and even video of the evidence and surrounding area. After the walk through, the investigator begins formulating a theory of the crime focusing on the progressions of events to include locations and positions of those present during the crime. All evidence is collected and sect to the lab for analysis, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H 2010). What is Victimology? Victimology is the study of issues interjecting to the intensification in victim perceptibility, characteristics and elements, persecution and its influences, and victim’s reactions to persecution. Through this scientist studies physical, expressive and monetary harm people suffer because of unlawful activities. Victims are individuals that experience loss, injury or hardship because of a criminal act. Victimology uses subjective approach to identify, define and describe the problems associated with being a victim (Karmen 2012). Conclusion Even with the most publicized crimes in the history of the Unites States Criminal Justice System, police can arrest, but they investigate first. The investigators must find out the cause of and time of death. Investigators define a successful homicide investigation as the one where a perpetrator is pinpointed, indicted and convicted of the crime.